Challenging Fundamentalism

Facing fundamentalisms to a life-giving God´s mission

Paulo Ueti, philosopher, Bible Scholar and acvist for justice. Working currently to Anglican Alliance, Anglican Communion Office and USPG as theological adviser and manager for Latin America Region.

What is religion

According to Miguel Satyambula, “among the various definitions of what religion is addressed in the book ‘What is Religion” written by a very known Latin American theologian named Rubem Alves, the first understand it is “a web of symbols, networks of desires, confession of waiting, horizon of horizons, the most fantastic and pretentious attempt to transubstantiate nature”. Religion is then seen as a quest to transcend the instances of material reality, it has, therefore, in the other world its main foundation. This transcendence of nature occurs largely through imagination, religion is a source of imagination, fantastic creations, loves, etc.

Another understanding of religion has contributions in Durkheim’s perception on the subject, which says that every religion is structured from the distinction between sacred and profane. The faithful care little about the veracity or otherwise of the ideas, but rather the force, a force that is configured as the essence of religion. This force originating from the sacred generates cohesion and social harmony, no matter how different people are, religion has this aggregating power, which, for Durkheim, is also its essence. And he goes further when he says that there is no society that does not have religion, and that, because it is true, the understanding of any and all social functioning must also inexorably go through the understanding of religion, because it is a social fact par excellence.

The third understanding of religion is based on Freud and Feuerbarch. For both, religion is seen as a dream, as a manifestation of humanity´s longings. This is the point of agreement between the two authors, but the subsequent developments are quite contrasting, since for the first these dreams and longings represent desires repressed by the environment, which can be social, religious, family, etc. which, being impossible to realise, end up becoming illusions, neuroses. Therefore, for him, religion is the feeding of illusions, it is therefore being sick in the mind, it is pathology. For the second, these dreams and longings are self-revealing, because they reveal the deepest desires of the human being. In this sense, religion becomes a projection onto an external entity of our longings and desires which, for the moment, are unrealisable. Religion, for him, ceases to be theology and becomes anthropology, because it is not the intentions of the divinity that form man, but the opposite, the divinity is the image and likeness of his desires; the fourth definition is that religion is the opium of the people. It is supported by Marx’s understanding, he believed that religion has a double character, that of revealing the condition of the oppressed soul, and, simultaneously, of trying to “pretend” that this reality does not exist, and it is in this “pretence” that Marx sees religion as opium. Because it shows itself as an attempt to escape reality by transcending it. But religion was not the cause of social evils, on the contrary, for him it was the consequence of social evils, since once the condition of inequality was overcome by the dictatorship of the proletariat, religion would automatically disappear.

Religion is not only presented as opium, as projection, as neurosis, it is also seen as the representative and voice of those who suffer. In some historical moments, it has been pro-revolutionary, because it has raised strong criticisms against oppressive social forces. The example of the Hebrew prophets is presented as proof that religion, at least at these times, was not opium, illusion, projection, but a defender of life, of the poor, of the oppressed. Rubem Alves does not have an original understanding of what religion is, these authors, all of them, each in their own way, exerted influences on his understanding of the subject. Together with Troeltsch, another author who greatly influenced his thinking, he concludes that religion is a source of hope. For it is hope that makes us long for the absent, utopias also derive from it, the possibility of transcending reality with our imagination emanates from it. Alves’ texts are always recommended, this book is a must read for anyone interested in religion studies, because he not only shows the perception of several modern and difficult authors, but also offers us an interpretation of them that makes us want to go deeper into their thoughts.”

We recognise, though, that religious beliefs systems are being used to support necro-politics since the dawn of the world. Religion is a powerful instrument for liberation and for domestication, silencing and oppression of the majority to please a very small group in societies.

Identifying Fundamentalisms

Fundamentalism is a broad and pervasive phenomenon that manifests itself in various fields such as religion, education, family, politics, and culture. It initially emerged within specific religious contexts, with individuals and groups emphasizing a conservative, literal interpretation of their foundational religious texts. In Christianity, for instance, the term was first used to describe a movement among Protestants in early 20th century America who reacted against modernist theology and aimed to return to the ‘fundamentals.’ (James Dunn)

According to Magali Cunha, a well-known collaborator and researcher in the World Council of Churches “the term “fundamentalism” originated among Protestant Christians in the United States in the early 20th century and has acquired new meanings, understandings, and significances according to different historical contexts. The movement that adopted this name originated in the late 19th century among conservative Calvinist Protestant theologians at Princeton Theological Seminary (USA) and expanded among other Protestant groups in the United States in the early 20th century.

During the transition from the 19th to the 20th century, a time of significant sociocultural and economic changes, with advances in science, processes of modernization, urbanization, and industrialization, evangelicalism divided into two factions. The liberal wing embraced the humanism that underpinned these changes, engaged in dialogue between theology and the human and social sciences, and gave rise to biblical studies and liberal theology. The other faction, the conservative wing, strongly reacted to these transformations and reinterpretation of tradition.

The landmark of this conservative movement was the publication of a 12-volume collection titled “The fundamentals: a testimony to the truth” (1910–1915), edited by Rev. Reuben Ancher Torrey. The collection featured texts defending the inerrancy of the Bible, as well as criticism of modernity, liberal theology, modern philosophy, and Roman Catholicism. Based on these principles, evangelical Christianity is presented as the true religion, and a list of dogmas and doctrines supporting this assertion is provided. Other topics covered were archaeology and science, with an emphasis on a non-denialist approach, offering critiques that affected “the fundamentals” negatively but valuing science as a means of validating historical facts in the Bible.

Thus, these “fundamentals” emerged as a reaction against the values of Enlightenment and humanism, which could challenge the centrality of Christianity in Western culture and lead to the process of secularization.” (Cunha 2022)

Characteristics and features of fundamentalism

A common characteristic of this religious stance is the belief in divine revelation as the foundational principle for organizing society in all its dimensions. Anchored in the defence of the myth of Western Christian civilization embodied in the culture of dominant Protestant countries, fundamentalism among evangelicals rejects ecumenical dialogue, which it views as a “relativization of faith.

It is functioning within a framework that emphasizes obeying the strict, fundamental principles of a particular faith. This might include a literal interpretation of religious texts, a strong emphasis on purity and the enforcement of strict moral codes. There can often be an unwavering commitment to specific religious doctrines, a clear dichotomy between good and evil and between believers and non-believers, and a strong desire to propagate their faith to others.

It’s important to note that it is a phenomenon not confined to religion. It has diffused into economics, politics, culture, and so on. In secular contexts, fundamentalism presents as rigid adherence to an ideology or a belief system, irrespective of logical arguments or factual evidence to the contrary.

In essence, wherever it occurs, the common attribute of fundamentalism is an absolute certainty in the righteousness and truth of one’s beliefs and a refusal to compromise or adapt these beliefs in response to changing circumstances or knowledge. It is a resistance to modernity, pluralism, and the influence of secular humanism.

However, the term has been widely criticized for its pejorative connotations, its oversimplification of complex belief systems and practices, and its predominant usage in relation to non-western and non-Christian religions or societies. Critics argue that fundamentalism is a loaded term that reinforces stereotypes, stigmatizes devout followers of a faith, and oversimplifies the complexities of religious belief, practice, and interpretation.

It’s essential to recognize that like any socio-cultural phenomenon, fundamentalism is highly complex and multi-faceted. It is influenced by a wide range of factors, including socio-economic factors, political dynamics, cultural contexts, psychological factors.

The impact of fundamentalism

The impact of fundamentalism worldwide is extensive and multidimensional, affecting societies in numerous ways across religious, sociopolitical, and cultural landscapes.

· Social Division: Religious fundamentalism can augment social divisions and polarization. Its often-uncompromising stance on religious laws and principles can exacerbate tensions between different religious or sectarian groups, leading to increased social fragmentation.

· Human Rights Issues: Fundamentalist perspectives can lead to the infringement of international human rights norms, particularly regarding freedom of religion, ethnicity, gender equality, and LGBT rights. For example, certain religious fundamentalists may reject LGBT rights or gender equality based on literal interpretations of religious texts.

· Political Instability: In several regions globally, fundamentalist ideologies have fuelled political instability. This can be seen in groups initiating radical changes based on core beliefs, sometimes resorting to violence or terrorism in the process.

· Policy Influence: In countries with substantial fundamentalist populations, laws and public policies may reflect strict interpretations of religious principles, limiting the extent of modern and secular influences on policymaking and governance.

· Cultural Polarization: As a cultural phenomenon, fundamentalism can cause cultural rifts, often manifesting in the rejection of other cultures seen as nonconforming to their own beliefs or values.

· Conflict and Violence: Fundamentalism can instigate or escalate conflict and violence, particularly when groups respond aggressively to perceived threats to their belief systems. This trend has been most evident in terrorism associated with fundamentalist ideology, acts of racism.

· Impact on Global Peace: The rise of religious fundamentalism and extremist ideologies globally often pose significant challenges to global peace and security and are considered important factors contributing to regional instability.

· Educational Impacts: Fundamentalist influences can affect education systems, making them a battleground for bad ideological influence. This can skew the educational content, impacting the development of critical thinking in students.

Confronting fundamentalism

This a complex task that requires comprehensive, balanced, and targeted strategies. Here are some methods:

· Education: Raising awareness about the complexities of religious or ideological beliefs is crucial. Education can promote understanding, tolerance, and empathy, weakening the ground fundamentalism often rests upon.

· Dialogue: Encouraging dialogue between different groups can help dispel misconceptions and promote mutual understanding. This can be done through interfaith and intrafaith events, community gatherings, or social media platforms.

· Promote Interfaith Harmony: Establishing interfaith dialogue can lessen misunderstandings and spark respect between different religious groups. It allows people to gain knowledge about the shared values and common ground between religions.

· Positive Media Influence: Media can play an essential role in promoting pluralism and diversity. Responsible reporting can prevent the inflaming of hatred and instead cultivate understanding.

· Legal Measures: Nations should have stringent laws in place that protect human rights, freedom of speech, and thought. These laws must also combat hate crimes, discrimination, and incitement to violence.

· Global Cooperation: Cooperation at the international level through bodies like the United Nations is critical to address the threat posed by violent fundamentalist ideologies.

· Economic Development: Marginalized communities are often fertile ground for fundamentalist ideologies. Therefore, these communities require economic and social development to improve living conditions and education, reduce unemployment, and work against income disparity.

· Mental Health Support: Providing psychological support to susceptible individuals can help deter them from adopting extreme viewpoints. Counselling, therapy, and other mental health services can guide them through personal issues that make them susceptible to radical ideologies.

· Role of Faith Leaders: Faith leaders can play a pivotal role in discouraging fundamentalism by promoting the principles of peace, unity, and coexistence. They can contextualize religious teachings to highlight their adaptability to changing times and societies.

· Rehabilitation Programs: For those already influenced by fundamentalist ideologies, de-radicalization, and rehabilitation programs can help reintegrate them into society.

Addressing fundamentalism necessitates patience, vigilance, and an understanding approach. It requires the collective will of society, working at multiple levels, and it’s a long-term endeavour. However, remember that the aim should never be to suppress or discredit a belief system but to find ways of countering any extreme manifestations that incite hate, violence, or social harm.

Reading the Bible to overcome fundamentalism

It involves approaching the text with an open and critical mindset, seeking a deeper understanding of its historical context, literary forms, and various interpretations. Here are some steps and strategies you can consider:

· Recognize Context: Understand that the Bible is a collection of ancient texts written in different historical, cultural, and linguistic contexts. Consider the audience, the author’s intent, and the historical events that influenced the writing.

· Study Literary Forms: The Bible includes various genres such as poetry, parables, historical narratives, prophecies, and more. Recognize these different forms and interpret them accordingly, rather than taking everything literally.

· Learn Historical and Cultural Background: Gain insights into the societal norms, customs, and practices of the time the Bible was written. This can help you understand the meaning of passages more accurately.

· Compare Translations: Read the Bible in different translations to get a broader perspective on the meanings of the text. Different translations can highlight nuances and bring out different aspects of the original language.

· Explore Scholarly Commentary: Engage with reputable commentaries and academic resources that provide historical, linguistic, and cultural context for the passages. This can shed light on different interpretations and perspectives.

· Consider Multiple Interpretations: Understand that there are often multiple valid interpretations of a given passage. Fundamentalism tends to impose a single, rigid interpretation. Allow room for diverse viewpoints.

· Reflect on Moral and Ethical Implications: As you read, contemplate the ethical lessons and principles the passages convey. Consider how they align with modern values and understand that certain practices from ancient times might not be applicable or acceptable today.

· Embrace Critical Thinking: Question assumptions and critically analyse passages. Ask yourself why a certain belief is held and whether it’s based on the direct text or on interpretations layered over time.

· Engage in Dialogue: Discuss your readings with others who have different perspectives. Engaging in thoughtful conversations can broaden your understanding and challenge rigid viewpoints. Relationships are key for change and convers(at)ions.

· Scholars and Ordinary readers together: It is always important to collaborate with those who can offer technical information of the Bible and related matters. This collaboration can provide guidance on interpreting the Bible in a way that’s aligned with modern understanding and inclusivity. Also, to recognise that there is wisdom and knowledge among ordinary readers that can inform scholarship and enlighten the understanding of scriptures and life. This is the most difficult epistemological change we need to engage with. We learn from each other, we teach each other.

· Engage in Contextual Theologies: Look into contextual theological perspectives that prioritize compassion, social justice, restorative economies, and open-mindedness. These perspectives often encourage a more nuanced understanding of the Bible and a more engaging “way out” from the texts.

· Practice Personal Reflection: Use Lectio Divina method. As you read, reflect on how the teachings and stories of the Bible can be applied to your own life in meaningful ways. Focus on personal growth and positive values. What the text says, what I say to the text, what I say to myself and to God, and what God is requesting from me.

Remember that facing and overcoming fundamentalism is a gradual process that requires spiritual engagement, patience and an open heart. It’s about embracing a more holistic and nuanced understanding of the Bible that aligns with modern knowledge, values, and the teachings of love, compassion, and inclusion.

Using social media

Using social media to confront fundamentalism can be a powerful and effective strategy due to its wide reach, accessibility, and ability to foster open dialogue. Here are some approaches you can consider:

1. Education and Awareness:

Share informative articles, videos, and graphics that explain the complexities of fundamentalism and its impact on society.

Provide historical context and case studies to demonstrate the consequences of extreme ideologies.

Promote critical thinking and encourage followers to question assumptions.

2. Counter Misinformation:

Address false narratives and misconceptions propagated by fundamentalist groups.

Fact-check and provide evidence-based information to challenge misleading claims.

3. Highlight Diverse Voices:

Amplify voices of moderate religious leaders, scholars, and individuals who promote tolerance, understanding, and open dialogue.

Share stories of those who have overcome extremist beliefs and embraced more inclusive perspectives.

4. Interfaith Dialogue:

Create virtual spaces for interfaith dialogue, where individuals from different belief systems can engage in respectful conversations.

Host live chats, webinars, or Q&A sessions with experts on religious diversity and tolerance.

5. Inspirational Messages:

Share inspirational quotes, stories, and teachings from various religious texts that emphasize compassion, empathy, and unity.

Use visuals and graphics to convey positive messages that counter extremist ideologies.

6. Engaging Content:

Create engaging videos, infographics, and memes that break down complex topics related to fundamentalism in a visually appealing way.

Develop content that challenges stereotypes and showcases the diversity within various religious communities.

7. Empathy and Understanding:

Share personal stories or testimonials that highlight the harmful effects of fundamentalism on individuals, families, and communities.

Use these stories to foster empathy and understanding among your audience.

8. Promote Peaceful Values:

Encourage followers to embrace values of peace, tolerance, and coexistence.

Collaborate with organizations working on peacebuilding and conflict resolution to share their initiatives.

9. Debunking Extremist Ideology:

Provide clear and concise explanations debunking extremist interpretations of religious texts.

Use language and arguments that resonate with a wide audience.

10. Community Building:

Create online communities or groups where individuals can connect, share experiences, and support one another in countering extremism.

Foster a sense of belonging among those seeking to challenge fundamentalist narratives.

11. Cross-Promotion:

Collaborate with influencers, organizations, and activists who are aligned with the goal of countering fundamentalism.

Leverage their platforms to reach a broader audience.

12. Promote Resources and Tools:

Share resources such as books, documentaries, websites, and educational materials that provide insight into fundamentalism and ways to address it.

13. Respectful Dialogue:

Engage in respectful conversations with individuals expressing fundamentalist beliefs, aiming to foster understanding and open communication.

Model constructive dialogue for your followers.

14. Promote Contextual Bible Studies

Provide to communities tools to engage in the contextual Bible Studies method as a way to promote dialogue, different voices and strive for change as we as ourselves what God wants me to do.

Remember that using social media to confront fundamentalism requires consistent effort, sensitivity to cultural differences, and a commitment to maintaining a safe and respectful online space. It’s essential to be prepared for potential backlash or negative responses and to have strategies in place to address them constructively.